Skip to main content Skip to footer
HomeHome
 
  • Homepage
  • Searching for patents

    Patent knowledge

    Access our patent databases and search tools.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Technical information
      • Overview
      • Espacenet - patent search
      • European Publication Server
      • EP full-text search
    • Legal information
      • Overview
      • European Patent Register
      • European Patent Bulletin
      • European Case Law Identifier sitemap
      • Third-party observations
    • Business information
      • Overview
      • PATSTAT
      • IPscore
      • Technology insight reports
    • Data
      • Overview
      • Technology Intelligence Platform
      • Linked open EP data
      • Bulk data sets
      • Web services
      • Coverage, codes and statistics
    • Technology platforms
      • Overview
      • Plastics in transition
      • Water innovation
      • Space innovation
      • Technologies combatting cancer
      • Firefighting technologies
      • Clean energy technologies
      • Fighting coronavirus
    • Helpful resources
      • Overview
      • First time here?
      • Asian patent information
      • Patent information centres
      • Patent Translate
      • Patent Knowledge News
      • Business and statistics
      • Unitary Patent information in patent knowledge
    Image
    Plastics in Transition

    Technology insight report on plastic waste management

  • Applying for a patent

    Applying for a patent

    Practical information on filing and grant procedures.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • European route
      • Overview
      • European Patent Guide
      • Oppositions
      • Oral proceedings
      • Appeals
      • Unitary Patent & Unified Patent Court
      • National validation
      • Request for extension/validation
    • International route (PCT)
      • Overview
      • Euro-PCT Guide – PCT procedure at the EPO
      • EPO decisions and notices
      • PCT provisions and resources
      • Extension/validation request
      • Reinforced partnership programme
      • Accelerating your PCT application
      • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)
      • Training and events
    • National route
    • Find a professional representative
    • MyEPO services
      • Overview
      • Understand our services
      • Get access
      • File with us
      • Interact with us on your files
      • Online Filing & fee payment outages
    • Forms
      • Overview
      • Request for examination
    • Fees
      • Overview
      • European fees (EPC)
      • International fees (PCT)
      • Unitary Patent fees (UP)
      • Fee payment and refunds
      • Warning

    UP

    Find out how the Unitary Patent can enhance your IP strategy

  • Law & practice

    Law & practice

    European patent law, the Official Journal and other legal texts.

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Legal texts
      • Overview
      • European Patent Convention
      • Official Journal
      • Guidelines
      • Extension / validation system
      • London Agreement
      • National law relating to the EPC
      • Unitary patent system
      • National measures relating to the Unitary Patent
    • Court practices
      • Overview
      • European Patent Judges' Symposium
    • User consultations
      • Overview
      • Ongoing consultations
      • Completed consultations
    • Substantive patent law harmonisation
      • Overview
      • The Tegernsee process
      • Group B+
    • Convergence of practice
    • Options for professional representatives
    Image
    Law and practice scales 720x237

    Keep up with key aspects of selected BoA decisions with our monthly "Abstracts of decisions”

  • News & events

    News & events

    Our latest news, podcasts and events, including the European Inventor Award.

    Go to overview 

     

    • Overview
    • News
    • Events
    • European Inventor Award
      • Overview
      • The meaning of tomorrow
      • About the award
      • Categories and prizes
      • Meet the finalists
      • Nominations
      • European Inventor Network
      • The 2024 event
    • Young Inventor Prize
      • Overview
      • About the prize
      • Nominations
      • The jury
      • The world, reimagined
    • Press centre
      • Overview
      • Patent Index and statistics
      • Search in press centre
      • Background information
      • Copyright
      • Press contacts
      • Call back form
      • Email alert service
    • Innovation and patenting in focus
      • Overview
      • Water-related technologies
      • CodeFest
      • Green tech in focus
      • Research institutes
      • Women inventors
      • Lifestyle
      • Space and satellites
      • The future of medicine
      • Materials science
      • Mobile communications
      • Biotechnology
      • Patent classification
      • Digital technologies
      • The future of manufacturing
      • Books by EPO experts
    • "Talk innovation" podcast

    Podcast

    From ideas to inventions: tune into our podcast for the latest in tech and IP

  • Learning

    Learning

    The European Patent Academy – the point of access to your learning

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • Learning activities and paths
      • Overview
      • Learning activities
      • Learning paths
    • EQE and EPAC
      • Overview
      • EQE - European qualifying examination
      • EPAC - European patent administration certification
      • CSP – Candidate Support Programme
    • Learning resources by area of interest
      • Overview
      • Patent granting
      • Technology transfer and dissemination
      • Patent enforcement and litigation
    • Learning resources by profile
      • Overview
      • Business and IP managers
      • EQE and EPAC Candidates
      • Judges, lawyers and prosecutors
      • National offices and IP authorities
      • Patent attorneys and paralegals
      • Universities, research centres and technology transfer centres (TTOs)
    Image
    Patent Academy catalogue

    Have a look at the extensive range of learning opportunities in the European Patent Academy training catalogue

  • About us

    About us

    Find out more about our work, values, history and vision

    Go to overview 

    • Overview
    • The EPO at a glance
    • 50 years of the EPC
      • Overview
      • Official celebrations
      • Member states’ video statements
      • 50 Leading Tech Voices
      • Athens Marathon
      • Kids’ collaborative art competition
    • Legal foundations and member states
      • Overview
      • Legal foundations
      • Member states of the European Patent Organisation
      • Extension states
      • Validation states
    • Administrative Council and subsidiary bodies
      • Overview
      • Communiqués
      • Calendar
      • Documents and publications
      • Administrative Council
    • Principles & strategy
      • Overview
      • Our mission, vision, values and corporate policy
      • Strategic Plan 2028
      • Towards a New Normal
    • Leadership & management
      • Overview
      • President António Campinos
      • Management Advisory Committee
    • Sustainability at the EPO
      • Overview
      • Environmental
      • Social
      • Governance and Financial sustainability
    • Services & activities
      • Overview
      • Our services & structure
      • Quality
      • Consulting our users
      • European and international co-operation
      • European Patent Academy
      • Chief Economist
      • Ombuds Office
      • Reporting wrongdoing
    • Observatory on Patents and Technology
      • Overview
      • Innovation actors
      • Policy and funding
      • Tools
      • About the Observatory
    • Procurement
      • Overview
      • Procurement forecast
      • Doing business with the EPO
      • Procurement procedures
      • Sustainable Procurement Policy
      • About eTendering and electronic signatures
      • Procurement portal
      • Invoicing
      • General conditions
      • Archived tenders
    • Transparency portal
      • Overview
      • General
      • Human
      • Environmental
      • Organisational
      • Social and relational
      • Economic
      • Governance
    • Statistics and trends
      • Overview
      • Statistics & Trends Centre
      • Patent Index 2024
      • EPO Data Hub
      • Clarification on data sources
    • History
      • Overview
      • 1970s
      • 1980s
      • 1990s
      • 2000s
      • 2010s
      • 2020s
    • Art collection
      • Overview
      • The collection
      • Let's talk about art
      • Artists
      • Media library
      • What's on
      • Publications
      • Contact
      • Culture Space A&T 5-10
      • "Long Night"
    Image
    Patent Index 2024 keyvisual showing brightly lit up data chip, tinted in purple, bright blue

    Track the latest tech trends with our Patent Index

 
en de fr
  • Language selection
  • English
  • Deutsch
  • Français
Main navigation
  • Homepage
    • Go back
    • New to patents
  • New to patents
    • Go back
    • Your business and patents
    • Why do we have patents?
    • What's your big idea?
    • Are you ready?
    • What to expect
    • How to apply for a patent
    • Is it patentable?
    • Are you first?
    • Patent quiz
    • Unitary patent video
  • Searching for patents
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Technical information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Espacenet - patent search
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • National patent office databases
        • Global Patent Index (GPI)
        • Release notes
      • European Publication Server
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes
        • Cross-reference index for Euro-PCT applications
        • EP authority file
        • Help
      • EP full-text search
    • Legal information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Register
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes archive
        • Register documentation
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Deep link data coverage
          • Federated Register
          • Register events
      • European Patent Bulletin
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Download Bulletin
        • EP Bulletin search
        • Help
      • European Case Law Identifier sitemap
      • Third-party observations
    • Business information
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • PATSTAT
      • IPscore
        • Go back
        • Release notes
      • Technology insight reports
    • Data
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technology Intelligence Platform
      • Linked open EP data
      • Bulk data sets
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Manuals
        • Sequence listings
        • National full-text data
        • European Patent Register data
        • EPO worldwide bibliographic data (DOCDB)
        • EP full-text data
        • EPO worldwide legal event data (INPADOC)
        • EP bibliographic data (EBD)
        • Boards of Appeal decisions
      • Web services
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Open Patent Services (OPS)
        • European Publication Server web service
      • Coverage, codes and statistics
        • Go back
        • Weekly updates
        • Updated regularly
    • Technology platforms
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Plastics in transition
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Plastics waste recovery
        • Plastics waste recycling
        • Alternative plastics
      • Innovation in water technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Clean water
        • Protection from water
      • Space innovation
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Cosmonautics
        • Space observation
      • Technologies combatting cancer
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Prevention and early detection
        • Diagnostics
        • Therapies
        • Wellbeing and aftercare
      • Firefighting technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Detection and prevention of fires
        • Fire extinguishing
        • Protective equipment
        • Post-fire restoration
      • Clean energy technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Renewable energy
        • Carbon-intensive industries
        • Energy storage and other enabling technologies
      • Fighting coronavirus
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Vaccines and therapeutics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Vaccines
          • Overview of candidate therapies for COVID-19
          • Candidate antiviral and symptomatic therapeutics
          • Nucleic acids and antibodies to fight coronavirus
        • Diagnostics and analytics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Protein and nucleic acid assays
          • Analytical protocols
        • Informatics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Bioinformatics
          • Healthcare informatics
        • Technologies for the new normal
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Devices, materials and equipment
          • Procedures, actions and activities
          • Digital technologies
        • Inventors against coronavirus
    • Helpful resources
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • First time here?
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Basic definitions
        • Patent classification
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC)
        • Patent families
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • DOCDB simple patent family
          • INPADOC extended patent family
        • Legal event data
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • INPADOC classification scheme
      • Asian patent information
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • China (CN)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Chinese Taipei (TW)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • India (IN)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
        • Japan (JP)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Korea (KR)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Grant procedure
          • Numbering system
          • Useful terms
          • Searching in databases
        • Russian Federation (RU)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Facts and figures
          • Numbering system
          • Searching in databases
        • Useful links
      • Patent information centres (PATLIB)
      • Patent Translate
      • Patent Knowledge News
      • Business and statistics
      • Unitary Patent information in patent knowledge
  • Applying for a patent
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • European route
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Guide
      • Oppositions
      • Oral proceedings
        • Go back
        • Oral proceedings calendar
          • Go back
          • Calendar
          • Public access to appeal proceedings
          • Public access to opposition proceedings
          • Technical guidelines
      • Appeals
      • Unitary Patent & Unified Patent Court
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Unitary Patent
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Legal framework
          • Main features
          • Applying for a Unitary Patent
          • Cost of a Unitary Patent
          • Translation and compensation
          • Start date
          • Introductory brochures
        • Unified Patent Court
      • National validation
      • Extension/validation request
    • International route
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Euro-PCT Guide
      • Entry into the European phase
      • Decisions and notices
      • PCT provisions and resources
      • Extension/validation request
      • Reinforced partnership programme
      • Accelerating your PCT application
      • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)
        • Go back
        • Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) programme outline
      • Training and events
    • National route
    • MyEPO services
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Understand our services
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Exchange data with us using an API
          • Go back
          • Release notes
      • Get access
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Release notes
      • File with us
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • What if our online filing services are down?
        • Release notes
      • Interact with us on your files
        • Go back
        • Release notes
      • Online Filing & fee payment outages
    • Fees
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European fees (EPC)
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Decisions and notices
      • International fees (PCT)
        • Go back
        • Reduction in fees
        • Fees for international applications
        • Decisions and notices
        • Overview
      • Unitary Patent fees (UP)
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Decisions and notices
      • Fee payment and refunds
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Payment methods
        • Getting started
        • FAQs and other documentation
        • Technical information for batch payments
        • Decisions and notices
        • Release notes
      • Warning
    • Forms
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Request for examination
    • Find a professional representative
  • Law & practice
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Legal texts
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Convention
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Archive
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Documentation on the EPC revision 2000
            • Go back
            • Overview
            • Diplomatic Conference for the revision of the EPC
            • Travaux préparatoires
            • New text
            • Transitional provisions
            • Implementing regulations to the EPC 2000
            • Rules relating to Fees
            • Ratifications and accessions
          • Travaux Préparatoires EPC 1973
      • Official Journal
      • Guidelines
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • EPC Guidelines
        • PCT-EPO Guidelines
        • Unitary Patent Guidelines
        • Guidelines revision cycle
        • Consultation results
        • Summary of user responses
        • Archive
      • Extension / validation system
      • London Agreement
      • National law relating to the EPC
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Archive
      • Unitary Patent system
        • Go back
        • Travaux préparatoires to UP and UPC
      • National measures relating to the Unitary Patent 
    • Court practices
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • European Patent Judges' Symposium
    • User consultations
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Ongoing consultations
      • Completed consultations
    • Substantive patent law harmonisation
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • The Tegernsee process
      • Group B+
    • Convergence of practice
    • Options for professional representatives
  • News & events
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • News
    • Events
    • European Inventor Award
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • The meaning of tomorrow
      • About the award
      • Categories and prizes
      • Meet the inventors
      • Nominations
      • European Inventor Network
        • Go back
        • 2024 activities
        • 2025 activities
        • Rules and criteria
        • FAQ
      • The 2024 event
    • Young Inventors Prize
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the prize
      • Nominations
      • The jury
      • The world, reimagined
      • The 2025 event
    • Press centre
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent Index and statistics
      • Search in press centre
      • Background information
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • European Patent Office
        • Q&A on patents related to coronavirus
        • Q&A on plant patents
      • Copyright
      • Press contacts
      • Call back form
      • Email alert service
    • In focus
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Water-related technologies
      • CodeFest
        • Go back
        • CodeFest Spring 2025 on classifying patent data for sustainable development
        • Overview
        • CodeFest 2024 on generative AI
        • CodeFest 2023 on Green Plastics
      • Green tech in focus
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About green tech
        • Renewable energies
        • Energy transition technologies
        • Building a greener future
      • Research institutes
      • Women inventors
      • Lifestyle
      • Space and satellites
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Patents and space technologies
      • Healthcare
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Medical technologies and cancer
        • Personalised medicine
      • Materials science
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Nanotechnology
      • Mobile communications
      • Biotechnology
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Red, white or green
        • The role of the EPO
        • What is patentable?
        • Biotech inventors
      • Classification
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Nanotechnology
        • Climate change mitigation technologies
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • External partners
          • Updates on Y02 and Y04S
      • Digital technologies
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About ICT
        • Hardware and software
        • Artificial intelligence
        • Fourth Industrial Revolution
      • Additive manufacturing
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • About AM
        • AM innovation
      • Books by EPO experts
    • Podcast
  • Learning
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Learning activities and paths
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Learning activities: types and formats
      • Learning paths
    • EQE and EPAC
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • EQE - European Qualifying Examination
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Compendium
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Paper F
          • Paper A
          • Paper B
          • Paper C
          • Paper D
          • Pre-examination
        • Candidates successful in the European qualifying examination
        • Archive
      • EPAC - European patent administration certification
      • CSP – Candidate Support Programme
    • Learning resources by area of interest
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent granting
      • Technology transfer and dissemination
      • Patent enforcement and litigation
    • Learning resources by profile
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Business and IP managers
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Innovation case studies
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • SME case studies
          • Technology transfer case studies
          • High-growth technology case studies
        • Inventor's handbook
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Introduction
          • Disclosure and confidentiality
          • Novelty and prior art
          • Competition and market potential
          • Assessing the risk ahead
          • Proving the invention
          • Protecting your idea
          • Building a team and seeking funding
          • Business planning
          • Finding and approaching companies
          • Dealing with companies
        • Best of search matters
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Tools and databases
          • EPO procedures and initiatives
          • Search strategies
          • Challenges and specific topics
        • Support for high-growth technology businesses
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Business decision-makers
          • IP professionals
          • Stakeholders of the Innovation Ecosystem
      • EQE and EPAC Candidates
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Paper F brain-teasers
        • Daily D questions
        • European qualifying examination - Guide for preparation
        • EPAC
      • Judges, lawyers and prosecutors
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Compulsory licensing in Europe
        • The jurisdiction of European courts in patent disputes
      • National offices and IP authorities
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Learning material for examiners of national officers
        • Learning material for formalities officers and paralegals
      • Patent attorneys and paralegals
      • Universities, research centres and TTOs
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Modular IP Education Framework (MIPEF)
        • Pan-European Seal Young Professionals Programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • For students
          • For universities
            • Go back
            • Overview
            • IP education resources
            • University memberships
          • Our young professionals
          • Professional development plan
        • Academic Research Programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Completed research projects
          • Current research projects
        • IP Teaching Kit
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Download modules
        • Intellectual property course design manual
        • PATLIB Knowledge Transfer to Africa
          • Go back
          • The PATLIB Knowledge Transfer to Africa initiative (KT2A)
          • KT2A core activities
          • Success story: Malawi University of Science and Technology and PATLIB Birmingham
  • About us
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • The EPO at a glance
    • 50 years of the EPC
      • Go back
      • Official celebrations
      • Overview
      • Member states’ video statements
        • Go back
        • Albania
        • Austria
        • Belgium
        • Bulgaria
        • Croatia
        • Cyprus
        • Czech Republic
        • Denmark
        • Estonia
        • Finland
        • France
        • Germany
        • Greece
        • Hungary
        • Iceland
        • Ireland
        • Italy
        • Latvia
        • Liechtenstein
        • Lithuania
        • Luxembourg
        • Malta
        • Monaco
        • Montenegro
        • Netherlands
        • North Macedonia
        • Norway
        • Poland
        • Portugal
        • Romania
        • San Marino
        • Serbia
        • Slovakia
        • Slovenia
        • Spain
        • Sweden
        • Switzerland
        • Türkiye
        • United Kingdom
      • 50 Leading Tech Voices
      • Athens Marathon
      • Kids’ collaborative art competition
    • Legal foundations and member states
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Legal foundations
      • Member states
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Member states by date of accession
      • Extension states
      • Validation states
    • Administrative Council and subsidiary bodies
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Communiqués
        • Go back
        • 2024
        • Overview
        • 2023
        • 2022
        • 2021
        • 2020
        • 2019
        • 2018
        • 2017
        • 2016
        • 2015
        • 2014
        • 2013
      • Calendar
      • Documents and publications
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Select Committee documents
      • Administrative Council
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Composition
        • Representatives
        • Rules of Procedure
        • Board of Auditors
        • Secretariat
        • Council bodies
    • Principles & strategy
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Mission, vision, values & corporate policy
      • Strategic Plan 2028
        • Go back
        • Driver 1: People
        • Driver 2: Technologies
        • Driver 3: High-quality, timely products and services
        • Driver 4: Partnerships
        • Driver 5: Financial sustainability
      • Towards a New Normal
      • Data protection & privacy notice
    • Leadership & management
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • About the President
      • Management Advisory Committee
    • Sustainability at the EPO
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Environmental
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Inspiring environmental inventions
      • Social
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Inspiring social inventions
      • Governance and Financial sustainability
    • Procurement
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Procurement forecast
      • Doing business with the EPO
      • Procurement procedures
      • Dynamic Purchasing System (DPS) publications
      • Sustainable Procurement Policy
      • About eTendering
      • Invoicing
      • Procurement portal
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • e-Signing contracts
      • General conditions
      • Archived tenders
    • Services & activities
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Our services & structure
      • Quality
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Foundations
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • European Patent Convention
          • Guidelines for examination
          • Our staff
        • Enabling quality
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Prior art
          • Classification
          • Tools
          • Processes
        • Products & services
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Search
          • Examination
          • Opposition
          • Continuous improvement
        • Quality through networking
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • User engagement
          • Co-operation
          • User satisfaction survey
          • Stakeholder Quality Assurance Panels
        • Patent Quality Charter
        • Quality Action Plan
        • Quality dashboard
        • Statistics
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Search
          • Examination
          • Opposition
        • Integrated management at the EPO
      • Consulting our users
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Standing Advisory Committee before the EPO (SACEPO)
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Objectives
          • SACEPO and its working parties
          • Meetings
          • Single Access Portal – SACEPO Area
        • Surveys
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Detailed methodology
          • Search services
          • Examination services, final actions and publication
          • Opposition services
          • Formalities services
          • Customer services
          • Filing services
          • Key Account Management (KAM)
          • Website
          • Archive
      • Our user service charter
      • European and international co-operation
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Co-operation with member states
          • Go back
          • Overview
        • Bilateral co-operation with non-member states
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Validation system
          • Reinforced Partnership programme
        • Multilateral international co-operation with IP offices and organisations
        • Co-operation with international organisations outside the IP system
      • European Patent Academy
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Partners
      • Chief Economist
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Economic studies
      • Ombuds Office
      • Reporting wrongdoing
    • Observatory on Patents and Technology
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Innovation against cancer
      • Innovation actors
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Startups and SMEs
      • Policy and funding
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Financing innovation programme
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Our studies on the financing of innovation
          • EPO initiatives for patent applicants
          • Financial support for innovators in Europe
        • Patents and standards
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Publications
          • Patent standards explorer
      • Tools
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Deep Tech Finder
      • About the Observatory
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Work plan
    • Transparency portal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • General
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Annual Review 2023
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Foreword
          • Executive summary
          • 50 years of the EPC
          • Strategic key performance indicators
          • Goal 1: Engaged and empowered
          • Goal 2: Digital transformation
          • Goal 3: Master quality
          • Goal 4: Partner for positive impact
          • Goal 5: Secure sustainability
        • Annual Review 2022
          • Go back
          • Overview
          • Foreword
          • Executive summary
          • Goal 1: Engaged and empowered
          • Goal 2: Digital transformation
          • Goal 3: Master quality
          • Goal 4: Partner for positive impact
          • Goal 5: Secure sustainability
      • Human
      • Environmental
      • Organisational
      • Social and relational
      • Economic
      • Governance
    • Statistics and trends
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Statistics & Trends Centre
      • Patent Index 2024
        • Go back
        • Insight into computer technology and AI
        • Insight into clean energy technologies
        • Statistics and indicators
          • Go back
          • European patent applications
            • Go back
            • Key trend
            • Origin
            • Top 10 technical fields
              • Go back
              • Computer technology
              • Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy
              • Digital communication
              • Medical technology
              • Transport
              • Measurement
              • Biotechnology
              • Pharmaceuticals
              • Other special machines
              • Organic fine chemistry
            • All technical fields
          • Applicants
            • Go back
            • Top 50
            • Categories
            • Women inventors
          • Granted patents
            • Go back
            • Key trend
            • Origin
            • Designations
      • Data to download
      • EPO Data Hub
      • Clarification on data sources
    • History
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • 1970s
      • 1980s
      • 1990s
      • 2000s
      • 2010s
      • 2020s
    • Art collection
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • The collection
      • Let's talk about art
      • Artists
      • Media library
      • What's on
      • Publications
      • Contact
      • Culture Space A&T 5-10
        • Go back
        • Catalyst lab & Deep vision
          • Go back
          • Irene Sauter (DE)
          • AVPD (DK)
          • Jan Robert Leegte (NL)
          • Jānis Dzirnieks (LV) #1
          • Jānis Dzirnieks (LV) #2
          • Péter Szalay (HU)
          • Thomas Feuerstein (AT)
          • Tom Burr (US)
          • Wolfgang Tillmans (DE)
          • TerraPort
          • Unfinished Sculpture - Captives #1
          • Deep vision – immersive exhibition
          • Previous exhibitions
        • The European Patent Journey
        • Sustaining life. Art in the climate emergency
        • Next generation statements
        • Open storage
        • Cosmic bar
      • "Long Night"
  • Boards of Appeal
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Decisions of the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Recent decisions
      • Selected decisions
    • Information from the Boards of Appeal
    • Procedure
    • Oral proceedings
    • About the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • President of the Boards of Appeal
      • Enlarged Board of Appeal
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Pending referrals (Art. 112 EPC)
        • Decisions sorted by number (Art. 112 EPC)
        • Pending petitions for review (Art. 112a EPC)
        • Decisions on petitions for review (Art. 112a EPC)
      • Technical Boards of Appeal
      • Legal Board of Appeal
      • Disciplinary Board of Appeal
      • Presidium
        • Go back
        • Overview
    • Code of Conduct
    • Business distribution scheme
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Technical boards of appeal by IPC in 2025
      • Archive
    • Annual list of cases
    • Communications
    • Annual reports
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • Publications
      • Go back
      • Abstracts of decisions
    • Case Law of the Boards of Appeal
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Archive
  • Service & support
    • Go back
    • Overview
    • Website updates
    • Availability of online services
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • FAQ
      • Go back
      • Overview
    • Publications
    • Ordering
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent Knowledge Products and Services
      • Terms and conditions
        • Go back
        • Overview
        • Patent information products
        • Bulk data sets
        • Open Patent Services (OPS)
        • Fair use charter
    • Procedural communications
    • Useful links
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Patent offices of member states
      • Other patent offices
      • Directories of patent attorneys
      • Patent databases, registers and gazettes
      • Disclaimer
    • Contact us
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Filing options
      • Locations
    • Subscription centre
      • Go back
      • Overview
      • Subscribe
      • Change preferences
      • Unsubscribe
    • Official holidays
    • Glossary
    • RSS feeds
Board of Appeals
Decisions

Recent decisions

Overview
  • 2025 decisions
  • 2024 decisions
  • 2023 decisions
  1. Home
  2. T 1145/05 (BP Chemicals/Celanese) 26-09-2007
Facebook X Linkedin Email

T 1145/05 (BP Chemicals/Celanese) 26-09-2007

European Case Law Identifier
ECLI:EP:BA:2007:T114505.20070926
Date of decision
26 September 2007
Case number
T 1145/05
Petition for review of
-
Application number
99305660.5
IPC class
C07C 51/12
Language of proceedings
EN
Distribution
DISTRIBUTED TO BOARD CHAIRMEN (C)

Download and more information:

Decision in EN 33.61 KB
Documentation of the appeal procedure can be found in the European Patent Register
Bibliographic information is available in:
EN
Versions
Unpublished
Application title

Process for the production of acetic acid

Applicant name
BP Chemicals Limited
Opponent name
Celanese Ltd.
Board
3.3.10
Headnote
-
Relevant legal provisions
European Patent Convention Art 56 1973
Keywords
Inventive step - (no) - purposive choice - solution obvious
Catchword
-
Cited decisions
T 0001/80
T 0020/81
T 0024/81
T 0248/85
T 0800/91
T 0068/95
Citing decisions
-

I. The Appellant (Opponent) lodged an appeal on 8 September 2005 against the decision of the Opposition Division dated 30 June 2005 rejecting the opposition against European patent No. 976 711 which was granted on the basis of nine claims, and on 17 October 2005 filed a written statement setting out the grounds of appeal. Claim 1 of the patent as granted read as follows:

"1. A continuous process for the production of acetic acid by the carbonylation of methanol and/or a reactive derivative thereof which process comprises the steps of:

(1) feeding methanol and/or a reactive derivative thereof to a carbonylation reactor in which the methanol and/or reactive derivative thereof is reacted with carbon monoxide in a liquid reaction composition, the liquid reaction composition comprising a Group VIII noble metal carbonylation catalyst, methyl iodide co-catalyst at a concentration of at least 2% w/w, optionally at least one promoter, at least a finite concentration of water, methyl acetate at a concentration of at least 8% w/w and acetic acid product;

(II) withdrawing liquid reaction composition from the carbonylation reactor and introducing the withdrawn liquid reaction composition into at least one flash separation zone, with or without the addition of heat, to produce a vapour fraction comprising water, acetic acid product, methyl acetate and methyl iodide, and a liquid fraction comprising Group VIII noble metal carbonylation catalyst and optionally at least one promoter;

(III) recycling the liquid fraction from step (II) to the carbonylation reactor;

(IV) introducing the vapour fraction from step (II) into a light ends distillation column;

(v) removing a process stream comprising acetic acid product from the light ends distillation column;

(VI) removing from the head of the light ends distillation column a vapour fraction comprising methyl acetate, methyl iodide, water and acetic acid;

(VII) condensing the overhead vapour fraction from (VI);

(VIII) passing the condensed overhead vapour fraction from (VII) to a decanter wherein the fraction is separated into an upper (aqueous) layer and a lower (organic) layer;

(IX) recycling in whole or in part the upper (aqueous) layer separated in (VIII) as reflux to the light ends distillation column and the lower (organic) layer separated in (VIII) in whole or in part to the reactor characterised in that separability of an upper (aqueous) layer and a lower (organic) layer in the decanter in step (VIII) is achieved by maintaining the concentration of acetic acid in the condensed overhead vapour fraction passed to the decanter at or below 8 wt%."

II. Notice of Opposition had been filed by the Appellant requesting revocation of the patent as granted in its entirety on the grounds of lack of novelty and lack of inventive step (Article 100(a) EPC) and insufficiency of disclosure (Article 100(b) EPC). Inter alia the following documents were submitted in opposition proceedings:

(1) EP-A-0 573 189,

(3) EP-A-0 768 295 and

(4) EP-A-0 752 406.

III. The Opposition Division held that the process according to the invention was novel and was sufficiently disclosed for a skilled person to be carried out. Further, it held that the subject-matter of the patent in suit involved an inventive step, since a skilled person starting from document (3) would not have had an incentive to limit the concentration of acetic acid in the condensed overhead vapour fraction to 8% w/w or less. The passage in document (1) indicating an acetic acid concentration of less than 5% w/w was only referring to a part of the recycle stream and was, therefore, not relating to the acetic acid concentration in the condensed overhead vapour fraction.

IV. The Appellant submitted that the claimed process was not novel in view of document (4), which disclosed all the technical features of the claimed process. The concentration of the acetic acid in the overhead vapour stream was not explicitly disclosed therein, but the use of a distillation column having 36 distillation stages, as used in Examples 17 to 19 of document (4) would inevitably lead to an acetic acid concentration of 8% w/w or less.

As regards inventive step the Appellant submitted that the process according to the patent in suit did not involve an inventive step. He argued that either document (1) or document (4) may serve as closest state of the art.

Document (1) was directed to a process for the preparation of acetic acid describing all the technical features of the process of the patent in suit, although not in combination. The problem to be solved was to enable phase separation in the condensed overhead vapour fraction passed to the continuously operated decanter. Document (1) further indicated that phase separation often occurs, when the vapour stream passing overhead from the distillation zone was cooled (page 6, lines 35 to 36). The two phases of this condensed vapour overhead fraction were separated and recycled to the distillation zone and to the reactor (page 6, lines 36 to 38). In the same passage it was indicated that this light ends recycle stream may comprise less than 5% w/w of acetic acid. Thus, the claimed solution to the technical problem was already suggested by document (1). Therefore, he concluded that the subject-matter of the patent in suit was obvious in view of document (1). The same argumentation was brought forward when starting from document (4) as closest state of the art. In this document the use of a distillation column having 36 distillation stages would inevitably have reduced the concentration of acetic acid to 8% w/w or less and causing phase separation. Thus, the claimed solution to the technical problem was already suggested in document (4).

Further, he submitted that document (3) taught various solutions to the technical problem underlying the patent in suit of enabling phase separation, such as increasing the number of stages in the light ends distillation column. This feature would inevitably have resulted in a reduction of the acetic acid concentration in the condensed overhead vapour fraction to 8% w/w or below. Therefore, the process according to the patent in suit was also obvious from a combination of documents (1) and (3).

At the oral proceedings the Appellant declared that his objection as to insufficiency of disclosure of the invention was no longer maintained.

V. The Respondent (Proprietor of the Patent) submitted that document (4) did not anticipate the subject-matter of the patent in suit as this document was silent on the reflux ratio of the distillation process. Without the indication of the reflux ratio it could not automatically be concluded that the acetic acid concentration of the resulting overhead vapour fraction was 8% w/w or below.

As regards inventive step he started from document (3) as closest prior art. Document (3) did, however, not teach that phase separation could be achieved by controlling the acetic acid concentration to a level of 8% w/w or less, when at the same time the concentration of methyl acetate was higher than 8% w/w and the concentration of methyl iodide at least 2% w/w in the reactor. A mere teaching in document (3) that increasing the number of distillation stages would provide phase separation did not correspond to the implicit teaching of reducing the concentration of acetic acid in the condensed overhead vapour fraction, since document (3) referred to this feature only in combination with either the addition of water to the distillation column, the lowering of the cooling temperature of the overhead vapour fraction or the reduction of the methyl acetate content in the decanter. Thus the process of the patent in suit was inventive over document (3).

Concerning document (1) the Respondent submitted that this document was primarily concerned with the preparation of acetic acid having lower contents of by-products. Further, none of the examples of this document used a concentration of at least 8% w/w of methyl acetate in combination with at least 2% w/w of methyl iodide in the reactor. The passage on page 6 lines 35 to 39 indicating that the light ends recycle comprised less than 5% w/w of acetic acid related only to a part of the condensed overhead vapour fraction and, therefore, did not give any incentive for a skilled person to control the acetic acid concentration in the entire condensed overhead vapour fraction to 8% w/w or below in order to achieve phase separation.

Moreover, a skilled person would have known from document (3) that the phase separation, which was achieved in the examples of document (1), would not have been achieved successfully with higher concentrations of methyl acetate and methyl iodide. Therefore, a skilled person would not have increased the concentration of methyl acetate in the reactor in order to achieve phase separation in the decanter. Therefore, the process according to the patent in suit was not obvious from a combination of documents (3) and (1).

VI. The Appellant requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and the patent be revoked.

The Respondent requested that the appeal be dismissed.

VII. Oral proceedings were held on 26 September 2007 at the end thereof the decision of the Board was announced.

1. The appeal is admissible.

2. Novelty

The Appellant objected to the novelty of the invention with regard to document (4). In view of the negative conclusions with respect to inventive step of the claimed process (see point 3 below), a decision of the Board on the issue of novelty is not necessary.

3. Inventive step

3.1 According to the established jurisprudence of the Boards of Appeal it is necessary, in order to assess inventive step, to establish the closest state of the art, to determine the technical results of or effects successfully achieved by the claimed invention vis-à-vis the closest state of the art, to define the technical problem to be solved as the object of the invention to achieve these results or effects, and to examine the obviousness of the claimed solution to this problem in view of the state of the art (see decisions T 1/80, OJ EPO 1981, 206, points 3, 5, 8, 11 of the reasons; T 20/81, OJ EPO 1982, 217, point 3 of the reasons; T 24/81, OJ EPO 1983, 133, point 4 of the reasons; T 248/85, OJ EPO 1986, 262, point 9.1 of the reasons). This "problem-solution approach" ensures assessing inventive step on an objective basis.

3.2 The patent in suit is directed to a continuous process for the preparation of acetic acid, wherein phase separation in the decanter is enabled.

3.2.1 Such a process belongs to the state of the art in that document (1) describes a continuous process for the preparation of acetic acid by the carbonylation of methanol, which comprises feeding methanol and carbon monoxide to a carbonylation reactor in the presence of a liquid reaction composition comprising a rhodium carbonylation catalyst, methyl iodide , water, acetic acid and methyl acetate (claim 1 (a)). Methyl acetate is present in a concentration of up to 15% w/w (claim 5). A liquid reaction composition is withdrawn from the reactor and introduced into a flash zone to form a vapour fraction comprising water, acetic acid product, methyl acetate and methyl iodide and a liquid fraction comprising the carbonylation catalyst (claim 1 (b)),recycling the liquid fraction from the flash zone to the reaction zone (claim 1 (c)) introducing the vapour fraction from the flash zone into the distillation zone (claim 1 (d)) and withdrawing acetic acid product from the distillation zone at a point below the introduction point of the flash zone vapour fraction (claim 1 (f)). From the head of the distillation zone a vapour stream is removed, which according to claim 1, step (e) of document (1) is called the light ends recycle stream. Further information concerning step (e) of claim 1 is contained in the description. Particularly, the passage on page 6, lines 35 to 39 indicates that the light ends recycle stream recovered in step (e) is composed of water, methyl acetate, methyl iodide and acetic acid. It is further described as often forming two phases when being cooled, with the light aqueous phase being recycled to the distillation zone, and the heavy, methyl iodide-rich phase being recycled to the reactor. The same passage indicates that the light ends recycle stream may comprise a concentration of acetic acid of less than 5% w/w, thus linking the occurrence of two phase condition in the light ends recycle stream with its content of acetic acid. Therefore, the general disclosure of document (1) taken as a whole embraces the subject-matter claimed in describing all the features of claims 1, but it does not specifically disclose all these features in combination.

Document (1) was cited and acknowledged in the specification of the patent in suit on page 2, paragraph [0008] as closest state of the art and starting point of the invention. Where the patent in suit indicates a particular piece of prior art as being closest to the claimed invention and the starting point for determining the problem underlying the patent in suit, then the Board should adopt this as the starting point for the purpose of a problem-solution analysis unless it turns out that there is a closer state of the art of greater technical relevance (see e.g. decisions T 800/91, point 6 of the reasons; T 68/95, point 5.1 of the reasons).

3.2.2 The parties also referred to documents (3) and (4) as possibly representing the closest state of the art.

Document (4), addressed by the Appellant relates to a process for the preparation of acetic acid as indicated in the precharacterising portion of claim 1. However, that document is silent about the concentration of acetic acid in the condensed overhead vapour fraction removed from the head of the light ends distillation column. The indication in document (4) of the number of distillation plates used in the first distillation column is not sufficient to determine the separation effect of that column and thus implicitly the concentration of acetic acid in the condensed overhead vapour fraction, since the composition of the condensed overhead vapour fraction is further affected by the reflux ratio and the number of thermodynamic distillation plates. In absence of sufficient information it cannot be concluded that the concentration of acetic acid in the condensed overhead vapour fraction is necessarily within the claimed range. Since document (4) does neither explicitly, nor implicitly describe the feature of the characterising part of claim 1 of the patent in suit, the Board considers this document to be further away from the claimed process than document (1).

The Respondent argued that rather document (3), which was also acknowledged in the specification of the patent in suit, was the closest state of the art, since document (1) was primarily concerned with a process for the preparation of acetic acid using a lower concentration of methyl acetate in the reaction liquid as shown in the examples of document (1), whereas document (3) specifically addressed the problem of phase separation in the condensed overhead vapour fraction. However, document (3) does not describe an acetic acid concentration in the condensed overhead vapour fraction of less than 8% w/w, while document (1) does. The Board concludes, therefore, that document (3) represents prior art which is further away from the patent in suit than document (1).

3.2.3 Thus, the Board considers that in the present case the process described in document (1) represents the closest state of the art and, hence takes it as the starting point when assessing inventive step.

3.3 The drawback of this prior art process lies in that a phase separation becomes increasingly difficult at high methyl acetate concentrations (patent specification page 3, paragraph [0009]). Thus, the technical problem underlying the patent in suit, as submitted by the Appellant and as indicated in the specification of the patent in suit at page 3, paragraph [0010] consists in maintaining two liquid phases in a continuously operated decanter.

The Respondent supplemented the above problem underlying the patent in suit as maintaining phase separation in the decanter when the concentration of methyl acetate in the reactor is at least 8% w/w. However, as document (1) describes already a process having a concentration of up to 15% w/w of methyl acetate in the reactor, the concentration of at least 8% w/w cannot be part of the objective problem, since the technical problem has to be formulated starting from the teaching of the closest state of the art. Thus, the Respondent's alleged supplement to the problem relating to the concentration of methyl acetate cannot be taken into account so that the objective problem underlying the patent remains the one formulated above, i.e. to maintain two liquid phases in a continuously operated decanter.

3.4 As the solution to this problem the patent in suit proposes the process according to claim 1, characterized in that the acetic acid concentration in the condensed overhead vapour fraction passed to the decanter is maintained at 8% w/w or below.

3.5 The example in the patent specification refers to a continuously operated process for the preparation of acetic acid. When the acetic acid concentration in the condensed overhead vapour fraction is 8% w/w or below, phase separation occurs. After having run the preparation process for 5218 hours a comparison test was run, wherein the acetic acid concentration in the condensed overhead vapour fraction was increased to above 8% w/w. As a consequence the operation mode in the decanter turns to single phase operation (see Fig. 1). Therefore, the Board is satisfied that the problem underlying the invention has been successfully solved.

The Respondent argued that maintaining the acetic acid concentration at 8% w/w or below has a further benefit of enabling a phase separation in the decanter when combined with concentrations of at least 8% w/w of methyl acetate in the reactor.

However, the Respondent who bears the onus of proof for its allegations, has neither provided substantiating facts nor corroborating evidence that the concentration of at least 8% w/w of methyl acetate in the reactor has any impact on the phase separation achieved in the decanter. The test report contained in the patent specification only shows effects which are due to the varying concentrations of acetic acid, since in the example the concentration of methyl acetate in the reactor was kept constant at a level of 15% w/w, which was known from document (1). Thus, the Respondent has merely speculated about any impact on the concentration of methyl acetate in the reactor on the phase separation in the decanter, what the Board cannot sanction.

3.6 Finally, it remains to be decided whether or not the proposed solution to the objective technical problem underlying the patent in suit is obvious in view of the state of the art.

3.6.1 As set out in paragraph 3.2.1, above, document (1) describes a continuous process for the preparation of acetic acid wherein a light ends recycle stream is removed from the head of the distillation zone (claim 1, step (e)). If starting from document (1) a skilled person aims at maintaining phase separation in the condensed light ends recycle stream he would turn his attention to passages relating to the light ends recycle streams and in particular to the passage on page 6, lines 35 to 39, which refers to the possibility of the light ends recycle stream separating in two phases. In that passage he finds the hint that the concentration of acetic acid may be less than 5% w/w, which, thus, links the information of the light ends recycle stream separating in two phases to its content of acetic acid. Following this teaching a skilled person gets the incentive to use a concentration of acetic acid in the light ends recycle stream of less than 5% w/w, in order to solve the problem underlying the patent in suit, namely to maintain phase separation, thus arriving at the claimed subject-matter, i.e. a concentration within the range of 8% w/w or less without any inventive ingenuity.

3.6.2 The Respondent submitted that the passage on page 6 lines 35 to 39 of document (1) should be interpreted as relating only to a part of the condensed overhead vapour fraction. He referred to the passage on page 7, lines 23 to 40, which described that the condensed overhead vapour fraction was separated into three fractions, one methyl iodide-rich portion and two aqueous portions. Therefore, the Respondent concluded that the former passage on page 6, lines 35 to 39 referred only to one of both aqueous portions of the condensed overhead vapour fraction, therefore, not giving any information of how to achieve the phase separation between aqueous and non-aqueous phase, which was the problem underlying the patent in suit.

This line of reasoning relates to one particular embodiment within the ambit of document (1). However, the teaching of that document is not confined to this specific embodiment, but embraces all the information contained therein, in particular that information addressed in point 3.6.1, above, namely that a separation into two phases, an aqueous and a non-aqueous, can be achieved by maintaining the concentration of acetic acid below 5% w/w. Therefore, the Respondent's arguments cannot succeed.

3.6.3 For these reasons the solution proposed in claim 1 to the problem underlying the patent in suit is obvious in the light of the prior art.

3.7 As a result the request of the Respondent is not allowable for lack of inventive step pursuant to Article 56 EPC.

Order

ORDER

For these reasons it is decided that:

1. The decision under appeal is set aside

2. The patent is revoked.

Footer - Service & support
  • Service & support
    • Website updates
    • Availability of online services
    • FAQ
    • Publications
    • Procedural communications
    • Contact us
    • Subscription centre
    • Official holidays
    • Glossary
Footer - More links
  • Jobs & careers
  • Press centre
  • Single Access Portal
  • Procurement
  • Boards of Appeal
Facebook
European Patent Office
EPO Jobs
Instagram
EuropeanPatentOffice
Linkedin
European Patent Office
EPO Jobs
EPO Procurement
X (formerly Twitter)
EPOorg
EPOjobs
Youtube
TheEPO
Footer
  • Legal notice
  • Terms of use
  • Data protection and privacy
  • Accessibility
OSZAR »